Stalin’s economic policies can be seen as a significant success, because they achieved their overall goals of modernising and improving Russia as quickly as possible, in order to catch up and compete with the other European powers and America. He encouraged Soviet farmers to combine their small family farms into huge collective farms owned and run by the state, and he changed the government to his liking through a series of purges. – The rapid industrialization of Russia was Stalin’s main goal. Disclaimer: This is an example of a student written essay.Click here for sample essays written by our professional writers. Major production and export of cotton and silk yarn ensured Japan achieved an industrial revolution in light industry in the late nineteenth century. Similarly, how did Japan modernize? Spain, Portugal, Austria-Hungary, Italy and the Ottoman Empire started to industrialize very late in the 19th century. How did Stalin industrialize Russia? Registered office: Venture House, Cross Street, Arnold, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, NG5 7PJ. Upon Lenin’s death, Stalin was officially hailed as his successor as the leader of the ruling Communist Party and of the Soviet Union itself. to be beaten! New railways allowed transport into distant parts of the empire, facilitating the construction and operation of factories, mines, dams and other projects. The consequences determined which states established colonial empires or ran the slave trade, and even which economies were the first to industrialize. Date published: May 28, 2019 Workers in the cities experienced poor and unsanitary living conditions as well as long hours with little pay. Likely, the reduction of trade would have happened anyway if Russia remained a market economy. Industrialization in the Soviet Union. It contains 181,435 words in 293 pages and was updated on May 3rd 2021. China has been one of the world's most dynamic economies in recent decades, but how did it fall so far behind? Published: 25th Apr 2017 in Coal was a necessary ingredient in the industrial process as it fueled the steam engines that were used in trains, ships and all other sorts of machinery. 5- Tsar put Russia immediately in WW1 (2 million soldiers died in the first years . But one of the most important factors in Britain's Industrial Revolution was the abundant presence of necessary resources as well as effective means of transportation. It was only then revealed by Soviet economists that the true rate of growth in production over the period (including that of the Second Five-Year Plan, slightly less strongly stressing heavy industry, which now followed) was only about 3.5 percent per annum, about the same as that of Germany over the same span of time. Before the Industrial Revolution, learned people in Europe changed the agenda. Unemployment had been a problem in late Imperial Russia and even under the NEP, but it ceased being a major factor after the implementation of Stalin's massive industrialization program. When the Meiji emperor was restored as head of Japan in 1868, the nation was a militarily weak country, was primarily agricultural, and had little technological development. In this book, Carnegie scholar Dmitri Trenin argues that Moscow needs to dropthe notion of creating an exclusive power center out of the post-Soviet space. With Russia’s geography, agricultural based economy, poor-developed transportation system, and involving wars, it took more time for change in both political and economic development and therefore resulted Russian people in suffering a poor life. Its development was so rapid that the economic historian Alexander Gerschenkron later dubbed it “the great spurt”. Most of the revenue that flowed into the country lined the pockets of aristocrats and landowners and was not invested in industrialisation. In 18th to 19th century, most countries over Europe like Britain, Germany and France were industrializing, but Russia couldn’t industrialize as quickly as those western powerful countries. Since the 1600s, explorers had pushed the Russian frontier eastward across Siberia to the Pacific. The Tsarist economy was heavily agrarian, with a small modern manufac-turing sector and over 80 percent of labor force working in agriculture. We focus on two main questions. One negative side effect of industrialization was the influx of population in Russian cities. As far as trade policy is concerned, three points are relevant. The Russian Revolutions of 1905 and 1917 were, in many respects, a consequence of Russian industrialisation. Collectivisation saw the creation of ‘collective’ farms. The countries that first industrialized were Great Britain (and then the rest of Western Europe), Russia, Japan, and the United States. Found inside – Page 271official, was well-versed in the KGB's client response capabilities. ... History would not forgive the Russians for arriving at industrialization so late. Russia’s land is one-eighth of total inhabited land in the world. During this same period Russia experienced overall industrial expansion of more than 70%. Russia - Russia - The Stalin era (1928-53): Stalin, a Georgian, surprisingly turned to "Great Russian" nationalism to strengthen the Soviet regime. This unpleased the workers, and during 1905 unarmed protesters gather at the czar's palace to protest working conditions. The war exposed the empire’s railway system as woefully inadequate, with insufficient lines and rolling stock to move men or equipment in large amounts. Even though Peter the Great (1682-1725) and Catherine the Great(1762-1796) made Russia a stronger and powerful empire, they didn’t improve people’s right and peasants still struggled with poverty. We're here to answer any questions you have about our services. Why did Russia industrialize so late? This is a new release of the original 1931 edition. Russian industrialisation. Russia’s industrial revolution was later than most other countries in Europe because its geography, its agricultural based economy, poor-developed transportation system, as well as the economic and industrial growth halted with involving wars. So, from the poor rural areas, but however, with the goal of long-distance trade. Serfdom prevented a large workforce from ever becoming possible. “The state participated directly in the nation’s economy to an extent unequalled in any Western country. This was the first industrialization in the world's history. In short it was a combination of factors from readiness to the willingness to embrace change that distinguished Japan from China (and eventually led to WWII). During the late 19th century, both Russia and Japan were forced to make reforms and modernize by industrialization. Kenez focuses on the experiences of the Russian people. The book is both a major contribution to our understanding of the genius of the Soviet state, and of the nature of propaganda in the twentieth-century. The race to industrialise was spurred on by the fear that capitalist countries would try to destroy communism in the USSR. The first steam machines were introduced in the cotton factories and the first rag paper machine in the 1840s. Find out more. . Russia was a large country with a mainly agricultural economy and czars did not do anything to help the people. Found inside – Page 208and Proletarian: The Working Class of Moscow in the Late Nineteenth Century (New Brunswick, N.J., 1979), 80-98; ... Pioneers for Profit: Foreign Entrepreneurship and Russian Industrialization, 1885-1917 (Chicago, 1970), 109-10. 46. For the wars mentioned above, even though Russia was the winner but Russia still lost a lot, for example, many resources had been waste in the war and many people died. Featuring extensive revisions to the text as well as a new introduction and epilogue--bringing the book completely up to date on the tumultuous politics of the previous decade and the long-term implications of the Soviet collapse--this ... For much of the 1800s, Russia was a comparatively backward economy in comparison to Western Europe. The first modern cotton factories started up in the 1830s and 1840s, as did the first machine shops. By 1910 there were twelve cities of this size. Emancipating the serfs (1861) was not just a social reform – it was also intended to release them from the land and the control of conservative land-owners. They wanted to take advantages of surfs and this would make the change more difficult. Why was industrialisation a success? Comparing Japan and Russia's Response to industrialization before 1914. However, they wrongly understood the process and started with the heavy industry (unlike the normal, natural development of consumer goods industry first). In China, the first Five-Year Plan (1953–57) stressed rapid industrial development, with Soviet assistance; it proved highly successful. All this happened very quickly - in the last half of the 19th century. Basically he lowered consumption to unheard of lows and then used the unnaturally low prices of agrarian output to pay for industry. – Apart from keeping Stalin in power, he wanted the Soviet Union to become a developed nation in order to protect itself from military action. He also borrowed to fund public works and infrastructure programs including new railways, telegraph lines and electrical plants. France adopted industrialization after their wars ended over attempts for German unification, and once Germany unified, they became a leader in coal and steel production. The construction of new factories drew thousands of landless peasants into the cities in search of work. The national railway system greatly helped Russia's economy and led to the employment of millions of workers. Europe's capacity to industrialize was restricted because of the . In the late 1800s Japan waged two successful wars with Russia and China; both helped raise Japan's status vis-a-vis the US / Europe. As a result they were able. A period of reform in the late 1800s, led by the policies of Sergei Witte, produced rapid industrialisation across Russia. So it's difficult to put a date on when industrialization starts and when industrialization has saturated the system. Found inside – Page iWhile highlighting the previously underemphasized achievements of Soviet planning, Farm to Factory also shows, through methodical analysis set in fluid prose, that Stalin's worst excesses--such as the bloody collectivization of agriculture- ... The initial five-year plans aimed to achieve rapid industrialization in the Soviet Union and thus placed a major focus on heavy industry. Russia’s cities were not equipped for the rapid urban growth brought about by this new industrial boom. The next main reason for why Britain was the first to industrialize was the large supplies of coal present in the country. Difficulties in governing the Tsarist State . From early Mongol invasions to tsarist regimes to ages of enlightenment and industrialization to revolutions and wars, Russia is known not . Why did Japan need to expand? The sharp mobilization of resources used in order to industrialize the heretofore agrarian society created a massive need for labor; unemployment virtually . This volume is now the eighth in the annual series sponsored by BBVA as part of its OpenMind initiative, which is devoted to disseminating knowledge on key issues of our time. In the late 1800s, the main instigator of economic reform was Sergei Witte, who worked to attract foreign investment in Russian industries. (I personally think that they industrialized faster than us, but slower than some others.) So because Britain possessed a level of governmental stability most other nations did not, it was able to focus on industrializing more than any of the aforementioned nations. How did Stalin achieve industrialisation? Industrialization . Witte also undertook currency reform. Life in Great Britain rapidly changed as the Industrial Revolution began. We've received widespread press coverage since 2003, Your UKEssays purchase is secure and we're rated 4.4/5 on reviews.co.uk. Besides the czars, Russian nobles who possessed much land and wealth opposed reformation. The late 1920s brought to the Soviet Union both the consolidation of Joseph Stalin's authority as preeminant leader, and a "great break" in political and economic policy marked by forced collectivization and breakneck industrialization. Discuss the reasons why Peter worked so hard to forcibly westernize Russia Key Points In his effort to modernize Russia, the largest state in the world, but one that was economically and socially lagging, Peter introduced autocracy and played a major role in introducing his country to the European state system. 1- Tsar Nicholas II and his family lived a life of luxury other's didn't. 2- There was feudalism, the peasants of Russia( which were the largest in populations) had no say in how the government was run. Found inside – Page 412there , but he did maintain that Russia had not irretrievably entered upon that road of economic development . This argument was based on a thesis that Russia had started her industrialization so late that she could not hope to gain any ... Railway systems not only provided Russia’s domestic needs, but also serves as an efficient way to contact with the western industrialized countries. Stalin managed to form an education system that modernised the country, ultimately turning it into a great superpower. Found inside – Page 412there , but he did maintain that Russia had not irretrievably entered upon that road of economic development . This argument was based on a thesis that Russia had started her industrialization so late that she could not hope to gain any ... The sharp mobilization of resources used in order to industrialize the heretofore agrarian society created a massive need for labor; unemployment virtually . Do you have a 2:1 degree or higher? They say, "Look, we should study nature, but we should do so to improve our material welfare.". Found inside – Page 9Studies of countries that in some way conspicuously lagged behind their neighbors also venture into comparative history - answering such questions as why Russia started to industrialize so late , or why Germany was tardy in achieving ... Part of Stalin’s success of industrialisation was due to drastic reduction in foreign trade because of isolation of the Soviet Union (see Figure 4). Citation information France adopted industrialization after their wars ended over attempts for German unification, and once Germany . Britain was well-positioned due to social changes including a growing colonial empire. This only increased during World War I, leading to the utter collapse of the Tsarist régime in 1917 and an era of civil war. This growth was not matched by the construction of new housing, so industrial employers had to house workers in ramshackle dormitories and tenements. 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