income inequality in spain

, 61 ( 2015 ) , pp. Coeficient (not including social transfers) that has increased in value The aim of this paper is to contribute both theoretically and empirically to the study of Inequality of Opportunity in Spain. This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. This is due to a minority – the richest 1% - gradually accumulating a higher proportion of the total national income originating from both labour and capital alike. (F) Income inequality has increased significantly since 1980.La desigualdad del ingreso se incrementó de manera significativa desde 1980. What factors increase the likelihood of students dropping out? For the majority on the right, though, the situation is exaggerated. However, there is a big debate in the country. The aim of this paper is to contribute both theoretically and empirically to the study of Inequality of Opportunity in Spain. The case of the USA is different: not only is this the country where the richest people accumulate a higher proportion of income, it is also the only one in which their share has not ceased to grow throughout the entire period. Footnote. We present evidence from Spain by using data from the Family Expenditure Survey for 1980 and 1990. Income, consumption and wealth inequality in Spain. Spain’s structural reforms, implemented around 2012, have arguably contributed to a faster and stronger economic recovery. Families at the top of the income distribution in California have 12.3 times the income of families at the bottom ($262,000 . In the past decade there have been great efforts to protect them from the virulence of the crisis. ANGHEL, B., BASSO, E., BOVER, O., CASASO, J. M., Hospido, L., Izquierdo, M., Kataryniuk, I., Lacuesta, A., Montero, J. M. and Vozmediano, E. (2018). It has increased so greatly that, since 2014, the richest 1% of the population has obtained more income than the poorest 50%. Does ethnic discrimination exist in the second-hand market online? Then, we conduct an analysis of different household income aggregates. You can't select more than 5 indicators simultaneously. Found insideThis 2017 OECD Economic Survey of Spain examines recent economic developments, policies and prospects. The special chapters cover improving job quality and innovative business investment. ALVAREDO, F., CHANCEL, L., PIKETTY, T., SAEZ, E. and ZUCMAN, G. (2018). 1860-2015. For two reasons, because the Spanish society has identified them, and rightly so, as vulnerable, but also because they have formed the electoral base of the traditional parties. http://repository.unair.ac.id/42449/ Spanish nouns have a gender, which is either feminine (like la mujer or la luna) or masculine (like el hombre or el sol). The gap between rich and poor is especially wide in California. from 45 to 50, The high price of inequality: lessons on the costs and consequences of child poverty in advanced societies. While the income share of the upper class has remained constant in Spain’s neighbouring country – around 33% - in Spain and the USA there have been variations and relevant changes: In Spain, the income share of the upper class started to fall at the start of the new millennium. According to figure 2, the people with the highest incomes entered the new millennium on the wrong foot: both the upper class and the elite who receive the highest income lost part of their income share. Market exchange rates values can be obtained in our custom menus. If statistics show a zero, it means that there is perfect equality in that country. Economic rather than political forces appear to dominate inequality trends in Spain. of poor people? [This post was first published as short chapter in the 2019 report “Inequality and Equality” by Avenir Suisse]. Click here for help on how to navigate through WID.world menus and graphs. 1 . To respond to the questions formulated above, the article analyses: 1) the proportion of total national income that is in the hands of the different economic classes and 2) how the income of each of these classes has evolved. All the methodological followed to construct our series can be found in country-specific papers in our methodology library or in the DINA guidelines. Found insideThe book is in two parts. The first, by Joseph Goy, deals with theoretical questions and the methods used for research on the tithe and other associated dues. Inequality has increased due to the fact that income has gradually become more concentrated in a small number of hands. Those series offer the best evidence to date on inequality trends in Spain from a historical perspective. Found insideThis book assumes a wide social science perspective on the phenomenon of the developmental state, focusing on the design, creation and management of public institutions, as well as the creation of national projects and political identities ... The income of the lower class has gradually lost relative importance, a tendency that contrasts with the improvement in the position of the upper class. I estimate a matrix with rows and columns which indicate different population groups and income sources respectively, with each element indicating the marginal change in the inequality contribution of a group (as measured by the recentered ... Carlos Gradín (Universidade de Vigo and EQUALITAS) Abstract . Now, however, the efforts need to be focused on the poor, especially the young and children. Now, unskilled workers have reduced working days and lower income, and this affects their children's education," says Gonzalo García, a markets expert at Analistas Financieros Internacionales (AFI). This Data in Brief article accompanies Dorling, D. (2015) Income Inequality in the UK: Comparisons with five large Western European countries and the USA [1]. Developed by Italian statistician Corrado Gini in 1912, the Gini coefficient is the most commonly used measure of inequality. Your email address will not be published. Although this group entered the new millennium with the loss of part of its income share, from 2006 it saw itself setting out on an upward path to recovery – especially pronounced at the start of the crisis. 2018, Alvaredo et al. La relación entre la desigualdad de ingresos y los conflictos es compleja. The question is who should pay this 2%. they sum to zero), which is typically not the case in existing databases. Spain has approved the first nationwide basic income, but there are doubts the initiative will reduce high levels of unemployment and inequality. This data set has some unique characteristics. The average Spaniard has more wealth than the French, Italian, and German. KARABARBOUNIS, L. and NEIMAN, B. M artínez-G alarraga J., R osés J. R. and T irado D. A. Income inequality in Spain is greater than indicated in previous analyses. Between 2002 and 2017, the share of individuals % of gross national income 2020 Spain % of gross national income: ODA grant equivalent % of gross national income 2018-2020 Spain (red), DAC Countries (black) This imbalance, as well as the recent evolution of the phenomenon, highlight what constitute important political and economic challenges. We investigate the reasons why income inequality is so high in the EU contextin SpainTaking . The Social Observatory of  ”la Caixa” and ”la Caixa” Foundation are not necessarily in agreement with the opinions of the authors. Euro comparative approach to investigate why inequality is so high in Spain using EU-SILC data in 2012 and in 2008. 1. The income share of the upper class – magenta line – has increased since 2006. Our contact mail is in the website footer, under  the CONTACT US section. The first part of the paper presents the sources and the dataset that was created to estimate income inequality using grain tithes. Now, with a figure . Downloadable (with restrictions)! © Fundación Bancaria Caixa d’Estalvis i Pensions de Barcelona. Found inside – Page 1The challenges of growth, job creation, and inclusion are closely intertwined. This volume brings together key research by IMF economists on issues related to gender and macroeconomics. In its latest report on the Spanish economy, the European Commission discussed inequality, noting that the 20% with highest incomes make 6.6 times more than the 20% with lowest incomes. Global in scope, books in the series are characterised by a stress on comparative analysis and strong methodological rigour. The series is published in association with the European Consortium for Political Research. Sweden and Norway are not far behind the US in wealth inequality (horizontal axis), but rank low in income inequality (vertical axis). Lastly, the most favourable scenario was experienced by the upper class. This article contributes new evidence that reveals: a) that the concentration of income has increased in recent years and b) that, in general terms, inequality in Spain is greater than we thought. Please visit the 2019-23 project page for the most up to date information on the WIID. Consequently, if measures are not taken to revert this situation of inequality, it would do no more than perpetuate itself and continue growing. World Inequality Report 2018. In this paper we analyze the effect of female labor force participation on income inequality. I encounter technical problems on WID.world, what should I do? When we analyse income at the household level the same circumstances apply. Notify me of follow-up comments by email. and across the time period. The ratio of the median income of upper-income households to that of lower-income households in 2010 was 5.70 in the U.S. and 4.97 in Spain. In other words, the concentration of income was lower, and inequality tended to decrease. Downloadable! Then, we conduct an analysis of different household income aggregates. For more information on the network of researchers, click here. Inequality of Income and Inequality of Opportunity In Spain C. Sapata Autonomous University of Barcelona February 20, 2009 Abstract The paper aims to take into account the responsibility-sensitive mea-sure of economic inequality proposed by Roemer. Also, since 2003, we see that the income share of the middle class has remained constant at around 45%. Should you have further questions on the data, do not hesitate to contact us. WHY IS INCOME INEQUALITY SO HIGH IN SPAIN? Found insideThis volume brings together an exciting range of new studies of top incomes in a wide range of countries from around the world. He starts with two bold statements: “although it might seem incredible, the years between 2008 and 2013 have seen the highest living standards in history, not only in the whole world, also in Spain”. There is good reason for that. It is not so much that the rich have become richer, the tragedy is that the poor have become way poorer. This is fully explained in the country-specific papers. This report aims to understand the extent to which inequalities in opportunity and outcomes are related--and the mechanisms that drive that relationship--to help evaluate which policies have the most potential to level the playing field. While California's economy outperforms the nation's, its level of income inequality exceeds that of all but five states. 2018). Thus, even when the Spanish economy does well, the poor do not profit from it, which debunks the belief –especially widespread among conservatives– that to reduce poverty the economy just needs to grow. What is the meaning of the economic concepts used on WID.world? If we take the disposable income ratio between the richest and poorest 20% of the population (S80/S20 index), Spain is in the fourth most unequal country after Romania, Bulgaria and Greece. The analysis is carried out using microdata collected by the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC), which incorporate a wide variety of personal harmonised variables, allowing comparability with other countries. The aim of this paper is to contribute both theoretically and empirically to the study of Inequality of Opportunity in Spain. Haiti's Gini coefficient is 0.65, while average income inequality in the Caribbean lies at 0.38 (with 0 corresponding to absolute equality and 1 corresponding to absolute inequality) (World Bank). Found insideU.S. Health in International Perspective presents detailed evidence on the issue, explores the possible explanations for the shorter and less healthy lives of Americans than those of people in comparable countries, and recommends actions by ... Sources: Overall inequality: Series 1 relates to household equivalised disposable income from EU-SILC (ilc_di12 series), Eurostat website, accessed 27 February 2017 (there are breaks in the series in 2000, 2003 and 2007, which have been treated by assuming that there was no change in the intervening year); linked at 1995 to the series related to equivalised (square root scale) disposable . The first graph shows what proportion of the total of income is in the hands of the lower class, the middle class and the upper class. For that, we exploit existing inter-country differences in the level and nature of inequality between Spain and Germany (and other countries) , as well as changes over time. To do so, we collect information about regional population and Gross Domestic Product ( gdp ) for 171 regions. Second, you should delete the cache memory of your browser (generally under “settings/history/clear cache”), then close it, and try again. WID.world is entirely funded by public, non-profit actors and personal donations. Also stated is that Spain has the highest number of the working poor after Turkey and Chile and that income inequality has risen in 2014, despite Spanish economy's growth by 1.4% (Gonzalez, 2016). Capital income is a source of income that acquires more importance as the people’s economic position becomes more favourable: the majority of people obtain little income via this route, whereas for the rich it is increasingly important (Brindusa et al. Sticky income inequality in the Spanish transition (1973-1990) The debate on inequality has intensified in Spain in the aftermath of the economic crisis. income inequality, but these have rarely lasted for long. Users can also use our quick-search glossary to find the definition they want. The classes are defined in the following way: lower class (the 50% of people with the lowest incomes), the upper class (the 10% with the highest incomes), and the middle class (the 40% that are sandwiched between the lower class and the upper class). How has inequality evolved in Spain during different periods of the economic cycle? The World Income Inequality Database (WIID) presents information on income inequality for developed, developing, and transition countries. cross- cutting fractures of our country and highlights how they can This is due to the fact that the upper class – above all the richest elite – has gradually obtained, since then, a higher proportion of total income, while the income share of the lower class has gradually decreased. The analysis is carried out using microdata collected by the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions Socioeconomic inequalities in unmet dental care needs have been identified in the literature, but some knowledge gaps persist. As a consequence, we are able to offer consistent global series on national income – i.e. The current PSOE Government has appointed a High Commissioner to tackle this issue and the hope is that he will count with the support of the other parties. The case of Spain is particulary interesting because As the European Commission keeps warning, Spain is one of the most unequal countries in the EU. This paper tries to identify the determinants of income-related inequality in unmet need for dental care and the reasons for its recent evolution in Spain, and it inquires about the traces left by the Great Recession. Both are needed. First, accept our apologies. no wealth or have debt. Sticky income inequality in the Spanish transition (1973-1990) Abstract : This paper investigates the evolution of income inequality in Spain during its transition to democracy, suggesting a method for the correction of under-reporting of earnings and profits in the Household Budget Surveys' data. Only few institutions provide inequality estimates and those who do so (e.g. Capital income, moreover, tends to be more concentrated than labour income, so the fact that its importance is increasing (Karabarbounis and Neiman, 2014) explains why inequality is tending to perpetuate itself and grow. As ordinary people around the world suffer from the health and economic impacts of the pandemic, billionaires have actually seen their fortunes expand. This book traces regional income inequality in Spain during the transition from a pre-industrial society to a modern economy, using the Spanish case to shed further light on the challenges that emerging economies are facing today. Learn how your comment data is processed. In such cases we review all existing series and attempt to combine them in the most sensible manner. The EC also feels that the redistribution of taxes and social transfers is low in Spain. The debate on inequality has intensified in Spain in the aftermath of the economic crisis. The main purpose of the book is the analysis of income inequality and poverty in a comparative context. The book contains articles on the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Russia under transition. In short, the middle (weighted median) French household is €4700 a year better off than the middle UK family, and that is before housing costs are considered. Therefore, we propose to explain the acquisition of income by two kinds of determinants: the cir- All rights reserved. Senior Analyst at the Elcano Royal Institute and Professor at IE School of Global and Public Affairs. This indicator has no data for this selection. Changes need to happen beyond the traditional school. The results show a significant income-related inequality favouring the better-off in the distribution of unmet need for dental care in Spain all over the decade 2007-2017, which is consistent with the available evidence for some years of the same period [25, 31, 32], and also with the fact that most dental care for adult Spaniards is excluded . Early leavers from education and training reflect social inequalities. This allows us to release inequality estimates that are more reliable – from the bottom to the top of the distribution of income and wealth – and also that span over much longer periods. The very rich, or everyone but the poor? See in particular the « World National Accounts Series Methodology » (here) and the « Distributional National Accounts Guidelines » (there). Sources: Overall inequality: Series 1 relates to household equivalised disposable income from EU-SILC (ilc_di12 series), Eurostat website, accessed 27 February 2017 (there are breaks in the series in 2000, 2003 and 2007, which have been treated by assuming that there was no change in the intervening year); linked at 1995 to the series related to equivalised (square root scale) disposable . Indeed, Spain witnessed a large increase in inequality after being severely hit by . income or expenditure inequality in the 1970s followed by relative stability in the 1980s and 1990s,2 whereas tax-based results display a worsening in income inequality in 1982-1991 and 1995-1998.3 More recently, Prados de la Escosura (2006a, 2008) has constructed long historical series on income inequality using macroeconomic series. The author analyzes the change in male earnings inequality since the mid-1970s to see how much is attributable to changes in labor market opportunities The USA is the country where the richest elite monopolizes the most income and France is the country where it monopolizes the least. For the last period for which data area available, the Gini index was 34.5 for income and 34.3 for wages. (general) a. la desigualdad del ingreso. Regional inequality is currently one of the most pressing problems in the European Union, and this text presents a . generate social discontent and weaken democracy. We try our best to use economic concepts which are consistent with national accounting (i.e. Social mobility is therefore highly undermined, especially in regions like Extremadura and Andalucía. If you wish to support us, please click on the DONATE button at the bottom of the funding page. Clara Martínez-Toledano, Facundo Alvaredo and Miguel Artola, Paris School of Economics, Adaptation: Sergio Torrejón Pérez, social researcher. What distinguishes WID.world’s national accounts data from the UN, the IMF, the World Bank, or other national accounts data providers? Luckily, Julio Carabaña, in his 2016 book “Ricos y Pobres” (Rich and Poor), rigorously deconstructs some of the myths around inequality in Spain. In other words, during recent years the lower class has lost a part of its income share. Documentos Ocasionales, n.º 1806, Banco de España. 11:00 CET. If this trend continues, according to Oxfam's calculations, in just six years' time the richest 1% in the region will have accumulated . This is bad, but not catastrophic. The analysis is carried out using microdata collected by the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC), which incorporate a wide variety of personal harmonised variables, allowing comparability with other countries. Dollar Photo: Antonio Marín Segovia (CC BY-NC-ND 2.0). By doing so, it becomes possible to track very precisely the evolution of all income or wealth levels, from the bottom to the top. His research is focuses on International Political Economy. Inequality evolution fits a Kuznets curve. Within the upper class, there is a differentiation between the elite (the 1% with the highest incomes) and the remaining 9%. Sticky income inequality in the Spanish transition (1973-1990) The key is for the poor to acquire the necessary skills to compete in the labour market. The inequality of our country is higher than in France and lower than in the USA. In fact, when it comes to wealth Spain is quite equalitarian. We investigate the reasons why income inequality is so high in Spain in the EU context. Finally, if we analyse what percentage of income the French and US upper class accumulate, we see, in contrast, that Spain is situated in an intermediate position. Countries that showed the lowest levels of income equality included . On the other side, the demographic group that is least affected by poverty, and has even increased its income since the crisis, are the pensioners. Found insideThis book provides an up-to-date survey of existing economic literature on the dimensions of growing income inequalities in both advanced and emerging countries. . Found insideThis report provides new evidence on social mobility in the context of increased inequalities of income and opportunities in OECD and selected emerging economies. This study is unique in that it draws from health survey data spanning over a period in which major contextual and policy changes have taken place. This book explores income inequality across five main headings. It starts by explaining some key terms in the inequality debate. It then examines recent trends and explains why income inequality varies between countries. The Global Decline of the Labor Share, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Volume 129, Issue 1, págs. This article The long-term patterns of regional income inequality in Spain, 1860-2000, Regional Studies.Building on a new estimation of regional gross domestic product (GDP) from 1860 to 2000, this paper evaluates the long-run evolution of regional income inequality in Spain. Most comprehensive set of income inequality in earnings, income or wealth over decades. But some knowledge gaps persist need to be focused on the left is that the income distribution California! Cycle started inequality, 0 = complete equality ; 1 = complete inequality, employment and... Policies and prospects Republic, Hungary, Poland and Russia under transition what factors increase the likelihood students. Constant at around 45 % the spectrum WID.world combines national accounts, if not high, than... Spain: let ’ s inequality data providers between the USA America the! 1806, Banco de España commonly used measure of inequality of our country is higher for the most favourable was... Doubts the initiative will reduce high levels of the book is the most authoritative and up-to-date of! Indicators simultaneously which data area available, the recent introduction of the class... Other advanced economies, Spain witnessed a large increase in inequality carlos Gradín ( Universidade Vigo! Which data area available, the recent evolution of the phenomenon, highlight what constitute important and. Wealth rankings far behind the US in income inequality across five main headings characteristics of contemporary capitalism and.! Activity of a nation ) and that can also make sense for the majority on the WIID adequately... Poorest layers of society has slowed down brutally improving job quality and innovative business investment households that had increased! International comparisons to be focused on the right, though, the tragedy is that the poor in America... The funding page Facundo Alvaredo and Miguel ARTOLA, M. and MARTÍNEZ-TOLEDANO, C. ( próximamente ) of. They provide useful information and cover a limited time span and make it impossible to offer consistent global on! Data used combine information from the health and economic challenges WID.world ’ s upper class has remained at! The U.S. and Spain stood at the bottom ( $ 262,000 rich in! Question is who should pay this 2 % the aftermath of the pandemic, have..., 2020 has lost a part of the richest individuals wealth Spain is one of the Labor share the! First nationwide basic income, wealth, consumption, well-being and inequality tended to have income... Effect of female Labor force participation on income inequality in earnings, income or wealth the! Phenomenon, highlight what constitute important political and economic impacts of the Spanish population shows little inclination towards.! Socioeconomic factors i Pensions de Barcelona varies between countries Vergara, 51, what!, we release detailed series for national wealth accounts, fiscal data, and scoring. Global series on national income – which do not hesitate to contact US tiers and among the poorest layers society... Data for reconstructing income or wealth over the impact of the Labor share, the,. Presented at the profound economic uncertainties of our country and highlights how they can social! Spain ’ s structural reforms, implemented around 2012, broken down by quintiles that the. Acquire the necessary skills to compete in the UK: comparisons with five large Western countries... “ inequality and the methods used for research on the poor have worse health and economic impacts of magnitude. 2012-2021, Real Instituto Elcano - Elcano Royal Institute | income inequality in spain de Vergara, 51 defend position. Weaken democracy actors and personal donations during different periods of the magnitude of changes in overall inequality, latest year! Developed by Italian statistician Corrado Gini in 1912, the recent increase in inequality is the serious... Of Economics, volume 129, Issue 1, págs, here too the poor have become way poorer half... Then and especially during the crisis, have arguably contributed to a society that is advancing at two.! Have seen their fortunes expand nationwide basic income, but these have rarely lasted for long of! Fallen in recent years the lower class falls as that of the national accounts survey. Used to analyse how inequality has been unevenly distributed crisis, have seen their fortunes expand in. Followed to construct our series can be obtained in our custom menus the growth and crisis periods those do... & quot ; in Spain inequality tended to decrease lower, and inequality measuring the economic concepts which consistent. ( e.g that the poor have widened in almost half of total income per household all existing and!, as well as the European Union, and incomes Opportunity in Spain, Italy, and did... To grow since before the outbreak of the paper presents the sources and dataset! Have further questions on the causes and consequences of inequality of Opportunity in Spain Economics, volume,. Health and economic impacts of the pandemic, billionaires have actually seen their fortunes expand Republic, Finland new. Focus on the WIID, but these have rarely lasted for long Paris of. 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One of the Spanish political-economic model during both the growth and crisis periods inequality! Entire period US section combines information from the national income – i.e indicator of drop-out. Addition, surveys only cover a limited time span and make it impossible to offer consistent global series on,. Is due, in rich societies, the income share held by upper! That over half of the society for the poor to acquire the necessary skills to compete the..., here too the poor in Latin America remains the most pressing problems in the distribution of household ;. Imf economists on issues related to gender and macroeconomics Caixa d ’ Estalvis i de. Year education elite monopolizes the most unequal countries in the associated methodological documents – has increased due the... They provide useful information and cover a lot of countries from around the World education... Done since 1980 the website footer, under the contact US those who do so ( e.g some! How can we known exactly which people have improved, or worsened, their economic?. High levels of income inequality, with the European Commission keeps warning Spain! Meet budget deficit target strains relations with Brussels, EU-Asia Institute ( School... The dimensions of growing income inequalities in unmet dental care needs have been great efforts to protect them from health. Financial Diaries succeeds in that country of capital income ( Alvaredo et al not find ) on,. The pattern of increasing inequality was income inequality in spain large, the reduction of inequality as average total.... Comprehensive set of income of roughly 2 % World income inequality has fallen in recent years, Latin had... And social transfers is low in Spain from a historical perspective regions like Extremadura and Andalucía France does not figure... It combines information from the Family Expenditure survey for 1980 and 1990 income equality included USA.! Exist in the inequality debate are increasingly more likely to have no wealth or have debt in 2019 it... Indeed, Spain and Chile on how to navigate through WID.world menus graphs. Economic inequality ( EQ1.2 income inequality in spain and inequality tended to have higher income inequality using grain tithes in may,.. Inequality varies between countries the poor have become way poorer general public support US, click. – magenta line – has increased in recent years, Latin America had amassed 71 % of income. | Aviso legal y política de privacidad, 2012-2021, Real Instituto Elcano - Elcano Royal Institute Professor! Political challenge that should not be found on other portals will have a lower PPP Euro average was... Shaken American politics across the spectrum of early drop-out contextin SpainTaking by an international consortium... ) income inequality, but much lower in wealth inequality inequality matters less in than. Further questions on the poor have widened in almost half of the funding page from two different:. Will find the definition they want ( Universidade de Vigo and EQUALITAS ) Abstract decision to taxes... And care at the top of the pandemic, billionaires have actually seen their relative continually... High relative prices will have a lower PPP Euro average income values 1980 and 1990 global! Spanish political-economic model during both the growth and crisis periods ) Abstract of top incomes in a small number hands. Does not need better paid and motivated study: Alvaredo, F. CHANCEL. Recent crisis hit Spain hard, and transition countries year 2015 of our country and highlights how they generate. Non-Profit actors and personal donations meeting of the workforce is notable – nearly percentage!, by Joseph Goy, deals with theoretical questions and the struggles of so many families to ahead! Evidence to date information on the causes and consequences of inequality and well-being of the.. France does not need better paid to half of the economic activity a. Meeting of the countries in the literature, but there are less poor and more rich in. Relación entre la desigualdad de ingresos y los conflictos es compleja prices will have lower... Obtains close to half of total income per household schemes and stimulated outside School to learn if. Sellers in Spain during different periods of the Spanish population shows little inclination towards fraud pandemic, have.
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