The Country Party and Liberal Party eventually merged in Queensland to become the Liberal-National Party, while the Country Party in other states was renamed as the National Party. Three members will be chosen by lot from those members of the pool who are registered members of the second largest political party in the state. [93] In practice, the legislature sets up an executive commission. 2. The commission shall develop a plan for the apportionment of Congressional representatives and state [house/assembly] and senatorial districts based on the most recent decennial census. [1] It refers to the number of seats assigned to each district, and thus the easiness to be elected, as the threshold de facto decreases in proportion. For the purposes of this section, communities of interest are defined by similarities in social, cultural, ethnic, and economic interest, school districts, and other formal relationships between municipalities. The principle which determines the representation in parliament is usually the proportional aspect of the voting system. 5. [2], In addition to its use achieving desired electoral results for a particular party, gerrymandering may be used to help or hinder a particular demographic, such as a political, ethnic, racial, linguistic, religious, or class group, such as in Northern Ireland where boundaries were constructed to guarantee Protestant Unionist majorities. Most observers have acknowledged that the change to a single-winner system was a key factor, however, in stifling the growth of smaller political parties, such as the Northern Ireland Labour Party and Independent Unionists. A district can include one or more elected legislators. Apportionment is generally done on the basis of population. Contiguity: A district that is within one continuous boundary and whose parts all touch one another at more than a point. State Politics & Policy Quarterly 4, no. [55] This, however, is not a particularly effective constraint, as very narrow strips of land with few or no voters in them may be used to connect separate regions for inclusion in one district, as is the case in Illinois's 4th congressional district. In the meantime, have fun examining this VERY PRELIMINARY MAP that almost certainly wonât look anything like the final version. The Labour Party that won in 1981, even though the Nationalist Party got the most votes, did so because of its gerrymandering. Web. Malapportionment occurs when voters are under- or over-represented due to variation in district population. Examples include constituencies in Jonglei, Warrap, South Darfur, and several other states. The commission shall hold at least three public hearings throughout the state for receiving and considering proposed redistricting plans and public comment from any member of the Legislative Assembly or the public.4. "You can't tell a gerrymandered district by its shape", "Technology allows citizens to be part of redistricting process", "A new automated redistricting simulator using markov chain monte carlo", "Majoritarian electoral systems are more prone to gerrymandering than proportional systems", "Is Gerrymandering to Blame for Our Polarized Politics? The election districts within each municipality shall be numbered consecutively. 3. 1. By creating a few "forfeit" districts where opposing candidates win overwhelmingly, gerrymandering politicians can manufacture more, but narrower, wins for themselves and their party. The results of the 1988 plebiscite show that neither the "NO" side nor the "YES" side outpolled the other by said margin in any of the newly established districts. The idea of self-government is in the first three words of the Constitution. By the rules for representation in the Electoral College, each new state carried at least three electoral votes regardless of its population.[135]. SECTION 44-7-80. With lower district magnitudes, the only way to include demographic minorities scattered across the country is to force parties to include them: Greater magnitudes increase the chance for diverse walks of life and minority groups to be elected. Redistricting is about claiming your power. Online web apps such as Dave's Redistricting have allowed users to simulate redistricting states into legislative districts as they wish. This may lead to increased competition. 2011 "State and Local Elections: The Unique Character of Sub-National Contests." They conclude that independent redistricting likely reduces partisanship and that politicized redistricting may exacerbate partisanship. Voting age population (VAP): Number of persons in a geographic unit who are at least 18 years of age. The districts were created in such a way that small districts were those that traditionally voted for the right while large districts were those that voted against the right. L. 94-171, and shall use that data to assign a population figure based upon certified federal census data to each geographic or political unit. This means that it is mathematically impossible to always devise boundaries which would simultaneously meet certain Polsby–Popper and efficiency gap targets.[63][64][65]. CONSTITUTION. Another criticism of the system is that splitline districts sometimes divide and diffuse the voters in a large metropolitan area. Gerrymandering may be advocated to improve representation within the legislature among otherwise underrepresented minority groups by packing them into a single district. The redistricting resulted in Republican victories in 73 out of the 107 affected seats; in those 7 states, Republicans received 50.4% of the votes but won in over 68% of the congressional districts. This allows Congress to create new districts once a place reaches 250,000 inhabitants, the minimum required for its creation. Redistricting: Process of redrawing the districts within a jurisdiction to reflect the results of the reapportioning process as well as the results of the Census; for example, congressional district boundaries may be changed to account for population shifts within a state. “Why Other Sources of Polarization Matter More” in Red and Blue Nation?, Vol. 3. “Ideal district population” is determined by dividing the number of districts to be established into the population of the state reported in the latest federal decennial census.4. Since responsibility for drawing federal and provincial electoral boundaries was handed over to independent agencies, the problem has largely been eliminated at those levels of government. The commission shall forward the plan to the speaker of the house of representatives and the president of the senate, and shall include legislation necessary to effectuate the plan.2. Cracking: Splitting a like-minded voting group's electoral strength by dividing its population into multiple districts. The nonpartisan staff of the Colorado Independent Congressional Redistricting Commission released its first look at a potential new map for 2022. The result was described by the journalist and historian Tim Pat Coogan as "a blatant attempt at gerrymander which no Six County Unionist could have bettered. In a more neutral system, they might lose considerable influence. [3] Gerrymandering can also be used to protect incumbents. The opposition won 22 senate seats in the 1989 election, taking both seats in three out of 19 constituencies, controlling 58% of the elected Senate, but only 47% of the full Senate. Instead, they can put multiple votes on one or more candidates. [150], In a play on words, the use of race-conscious procedures in jury selection has been termed "jurymandering". This condition is most likely to occur when one of the first splitlines cuts through the metropolitan area. The election results created substantial change, as there was a larger than expected collapse in the vote. Department of Justice (DOJ): Department within the federal government's executive branch which ensures that federal law is followed and prosecutes offenders when it is not. 1 (2009): 92-109. In response to this obvious gerrymandering, a 2010 referendum in California gave the power to redraw congressional district lines to the California Citizens Redistricting Commission, which had been created to draw California State Senate and Assembly districts by another referendum in 2008. The dissolution of Seine and Seine-et-Oise départements by de Gaulle was seen as a case of Gerrymandering to counter communist influence around Paris.[94]. Deviation: Amount or percentage by which a district's population varies from that district's ideal population. Census blocks are delineated by the Census Bureau and are generally bounded by physical features such as roads, creeks, or shorelines, but also may be bounded by invisible features such as city, county, school district, or voting precinct boundaries. A press conference was scheduled for 4:00 today to provide more information. [69], Gerrymandering is most likely to emerge, in majoritarian systems, where the country is divided into several voting districts and the candidate with the most votes wins the district. In Australia and New Zealand, electoral districts are called electorates, however elsewhere the term electorate generally refers specifically to the body of voters. Multi-member systems, however, vary depending on other rules. Then, the area of the district is divided[further explanation needed] by the area of the polygon; or, if at the edge of the state, by the portion of the area of the polygon within state boundaries. Found inside â Page 166... principally because of the way we finance our elections and establish the boundaries of congressional districts. ... How we draw congressional districts is a defining political matter that greatly determines whether we can have a ... [40][41], Due to the perceived issues associated with gerrymandering and its effect on competitive elections and democratic accountability, numerous countries have enacted reforms making the practice either more difficult or less effective. Respect for contiguous and compact districts shall be secondary to the goals of representativness and competitiveness.7. Even though the centrist and leftist opposition won the popular vote (1,620,007 votes against 1,594,992), the right-wing ERE won the majority of seats (165 to 135) and was to lead the country for the next two years. a. Federal Liberal cabinet members devised the boundaries to ensure the election of provincial Liberal governments. The terms of office of members of the commission expire upon the last filing of a redistricting plan under this section or upon discharge of the members by the Supreme Court under paragraph (a) of subsection (10) of this section.7. It is not to be confused with the. In the 2012 election for the state legislature, that gap in wasted votes meant that one party had 48.6% of the two-party votes but won 61% of the 99 districts.[28]. District boundaries shall conform to the existing geographic boundaries of a county, city, or city and county, and shall preserve identifiable communities of interest to the greatest extent possible. “Partisan public office” means: (1) an elective or appointive office in the executive or legislative branch or in an independent establishment of the federal government; (2) an elective office in the executive or legislative branch of the government of this state, or an office of the government of this state which is filled by appointment of executive or legislative authority; (3) an office of a county, municipality, or other political subdivision of this state which is filled by an election process involving the nomination and election of candidates on a partisan basis.6. CONSTITUTION. Just before the election Istanbul was divided into new districts. On the other hand, the introduction of modern computers would allow the United States Census Bureau to calculate more equal populations in every voting district that are based only on districts being the most compact and equal populations. The Electoral (Amendment) Act 1974 was planned as a major reversal of previous gerrymandering by Fianna Fáil (then in opposition). This was a one-man commission: Sir John Leech, K.C. . As of July 2007, shortest-splitline redistricting pictures, based on the results of the 2000 census, are available for all 50 states. The phrase "minority vote dilution" describes racial minorities being in a position of not being able to elect candidates of choice. Multi-member constituencies were only used in some big cities. If the plan fails to be approved by a constitutional majority in either the House of Representatives or the Senate, the clerk of the House of Representatives or the Senate, as the case may be, shall at once transmit to the commission reasons why the plan was not approved. Ireland, for example, redraws its electoral districts after every census[2] while Belgium uses its existing administrative boundaries for electoral districts and instead modifies the number of representatives allotted to each. Mann argues that redistricting is a much smaller contributor to congressional polarization than often thought, with the spatial distribution of voters being a greater contributor. [133][134] Preliminary reports suggesting the areas set to lose the fewest seats historically tended to vote Conservative, while other less populous and deindustrialized regions, such as Wales, which would lose a larger proportion of its seats, tending to have more Labour and Liberal Democrat voters, partially correcting the existing malapportionment. A person appointed to the commission under this subsection, before commencing service on the commission, shall pledge in writing that during the person's service as a member of the commission and for at least five years after the date the person's service as a member of the commission is concluded the person will not seek, accept or hold: b. [11] These woodblocks survive and are preserved in the Library of Congress. The states studied in this report are those in the belt of states from Louisiana up through Virginia, along with Tennessee. The Supreme Court shall render a decision within 60 days after the filing of a petition and the Court's failure to do so shall constitute a denial of the petition. Bailout: The power jurisdictions covered by Section Five of the Voting Rights Act have to seek their permanent removal from preclearance requirements. In some states, bipartisan gerrymandering is the norm. The use of fixed districts creates an additional problem, however, in that fixed districts do not take into account changes in population. This "maximization policy" drew support by both the Republican Party (who had limited support among African Americans and could concentrate their power elsewhere) and by minority representatives elected as Democrats from these constituencies, who then had safe seats. Countries such as the U.K., Australia, Canada and most of those in Europe have transferred responsibility for defining constituency boundaries to neutral or cross-party bodies. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the word's acceptance was marked by its publication in a dictionary (1848) and in an encyclopedia (1868). It is the intent of this chapter that, if a second plan is necessary, it shall be brought to a vote not less than 7 days after the plan is made available to the members of the general court, in the same manner as prescribed for the plan under paragraph I.SECTION VIII: JUDICIAL REVIEW1. [130] This passed also into local government, where appointments and jobs were given to the supporters of the elected majorities. How those boundaries are drawn, block by block, determines who represents you in Washington, Sacramento and every office down the line. Because states create districts, ⦠The United States Senate, for instance, has more competitive elections than the House of Representatives due to the use of existing state borders rather than gerrymandered districts—Senators are elected by their entire state, while Representatives are elected in legislatively drawn districts. Consequently, the term "Tullymandering" was used to describe the phenomenon of a failed attempt at gerrymandering. The following resources provide additional information about state redistricting processes, redistricting litigation, and other matters related to reapportionment and redistricting reform. A public office;b. This malapportionment can greatly affect representation after long periods of time or large population movements. Since Iowa's counties are chiefly regularly shaped polygons, the LSB process has led to districts that follow county lines. The SPD combined traditional PDS strongholds in eastern Berlin with new districts made up of more populous areas of western Berlin, where the PDS had very limited following. Four states use an advisory commission to draw congressional plans, and six states have an advisory commission to draw state legislative districts. The most infamous case of gerrymandering[citation needed] was in the 1956 election. If the Supreme Court finds a redistricting plan to be in violation of this article, it shall order that a new plan be adopted pursuant to this article.SECTION IX: SEVERABILITY1. 54 (2009): 57. a. Prior to December 31 in a year ending in zero, the Supreme Court shall establish a pool of 36 potential commission members. 3. This also effectively eliminates gerrymandering. For example, during the 13th General Election in 2013, Barisan Nasional won 60% of the seats in the Malaysian Parliament despite only receiving 47% of the popular vote. This is the system used in the United Kingdom, where the independent boundary commissions determine the boundaries for constituencies in the House of Commons and the devolved legislatures, subject to ratification by the body in question (almost always granted without debate). Senate constituencies were created by grouping all lower-chamber districts in a region, or by dividing a region into two constituencies of contiguous lower-chamber districts. Historians widely believe that the Federalist newspaper editors Nathan Hale and Benjamin and John Russell coined the term, but the historical record does not have definitive evidence as to who created or uttered the word for the first time. And power is sexy. The organization also publishes a comprehensive report, A Citizen’s Guide to Redistricting, which has been updated for 2010 and is accessible online. Original woodblocks for printing "Gerrymander" political cartoon. Online. In Canada, districts are colloquially called in English ridings (stemming from an earlier British geographical subdivision). Perimeter: Ratio of the area of the district to the area of a circle with the same perimeter as the district. The term constituency is commonly used to refer to an electoral district, especially in British English, but it can also refer to the body of eligible voters or all the residents of the represented area or only those who voted for a certain candidate. If any election district is split between two Congressional districts, one of the districts shall also be assigned the letter "a" and the other district shall be assigned the letter "b". [60], It is possible to define a specific minimum isoperimetric quotient,[61] proportional to the ratio between the area and the square of the perimeter of any given congressional voting district. Each such district shall have a population per representative as nearly equal as practicable. "The effects of non-legislative approaches to redistricting on competition in congressional elections." For other uses, see, Used by ten or more countries or having derived terms. a. 1, eds. Successive arrangements by governments of all political characters have been attacked as gerrymandering. Politicians pick their voters | Wayne Dawkins", "Ask Cokie: Is Gerrymandering Rigging America's Political System? Redistricting encourages manipulation of our elections by allowing incumbent politicians to help partisan allies, hurt political enemies and choose their voters before the voters choose them. In many cases, however, multi-member constituencies correspond to already existing jurisdictions (region, district, ward), which creates differences in district magnitude: The concept of district magnitude helps explains why Duverger's speculated correlation between Proportional Representation and party system fragmentation has many counter-examples, as PR methods combined with small-sized multi-member constituencies may produce a low effective number of parties. The commission’s only functions shall be those described in Section III. Online. These tactics are typically combined in some form, creating a few "forfeit" seats for packed voters of one type in order to secure more seats and greater representation for voters of another type. Even though gerrymandering can be used in other voting systems, it has the most significant impact on voting outcomes in first-past-the-post systems. The names for electoral districts vary across countries and, occasionally, for the office being elected. Wang, Sam. “Commission” means the independent legislative redistricting commission pursuant to this chapter. [103] Other geographers and historians, for instance Professor John H. Whyte, disagree. [59] The idea of self-government is in the first three words of the Constitution. The motion was passed with the help of the Liberal Democrats, going back on an election pledge. Oedel, David G., Allen K. Lynch, Sean E. Mulholland, and Neil T. Edwards. Legislative redistricting won't affect competition or polarization much, no matter who does it." Tolbert et al use survey data to explore mass support in the American states for changing how legislative districts are drawn. European, some regional and municipal elections are held under single, at-large multi-member constituencies with proportional representation and gerrymandering is not possible either. “Redistricting California: An Evaluation of the Citizens Commission Final plans”. The term constituency is commonly used to refer to an electoral district, especially in British English, but it can also refer to the body of eligible voters or all the residents of the represented area or ⦠Ukraine elected half of the Verkhovna Rada (the Ukrainian Parliament) in this way in the elections in October 2012. It would mostly eliminate bent districts, but still permit long, straight ones. Plurality (and other elections with lower district magnitudes) are known to limit the representation of minorities. ", "New Faces Set For California in the Capitol", "Iowa's Redistricting Process: An Example of the Right Way to Draw Legislative", http://www.brookings.edu/research/articles/2005/06/01politics-mann, "New York Prison-Based Gerrymandering Bill", "New York Prison-Based Gerrymandering Technical Amendment", "Issue 4: Independent Redistricting Process – Ohio State Government", "A new method of redistricting could solve gerrymandering", "Behind Closed Doors: GOP and Dems Alike Cloaked Redistricting in Secrecy", "Redistricting Transparency Act of 2010 (2010; 111th Congress H.R. In response to these types of problems, redistricting transparency legislation has been introduced to US Congress a number of times in recent years, including the Redistricting Transparency Acts of 2010, 2011, and 2013. Legislative Redistricting Won't Affect Competition or Polarization Much, No Matter Who Does It, "Does Gerrymandering Cause Polarization? P.L. If any section, part, clause, or phrase of this article is for any reason held to be invalid or unconstitutional, the remainder shall not be affected, but shall remain in full force and effect. Cottrill studies instances in which redistricting approached changed for congressional elections between 1982–2008. 'Lok Sabha Kshetra' for a Lok Sabha constituency). In 1987 he was eventually forced to resign in disgrace after the Fitzgerald Inquiry revealed wide-ranging corruption in his cabinet and the Queensland Police, resulting in the prosecution and jailing of Country Party members. Redistricting reforms attempt to address the legislative tendency to undermine electoral accountability through districting. Like-minded voters: Voters who by nature of their race, ethnicity, partisan affiliation, political philosophy or some other characteristic tend to vote for the same candidate. "Enhancing Democracy Through Legislative Redistricting" American Political Science Review. The last Census took place in 2010. The word was created in reaction to a redrawing of Massachusetts state senate election districts under Governor Elbridge Gerry, later Vice President of the United States. Sir Thomas Playford was Premier of the state of South Australia from 1938 to 1965 as a result of a system of malapportionment, which became known as the Playmander, despite it not strictly speaking involving a gerrymander. 2. Sometimes political representatives use both gerrymandering and malapportionment to try to maintain power.[75][76]. [137], Rather than allowing more political influence, some states have shifted redistricting authority from politicians and given it to non-partisan redistricting commissions. The commission shall forward the plan to the legislature before April 1 of each year ending in one. Each state has a comprehensive page detailing state procedures, census data, district maps, bill updates, citizen involvement, and lawsuit outcomes. This number is calculated by dividing the total population of the jurisdiction by the number of districts being created. “Reform and Representation: Assessing California’s Top-Two Primary and Redistricting Commission.” Presented at the 2013 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Chicago. The new districts also kept communities better together than previous maps, created more compact districts, and districts that had a better chance of minority representation (p. 25). Preclearance: Review of a jurisdiction's redistricting plan by the U.S. Department of Justice or the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia, clearing it as passing the standards set by Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, as amended in 1982 and 2006. Stanford Policy and Law Review 23 no 2 (2012): 281-334. It is the intent of this chapter that, if a second plan is necessary, it shall be brought to a vote not less than 7 days after the plan is made available to the members of the general court, in the same manner as prescribed for the plan under paragraph I. Democrats needed to win 19 of the 27 battleground seats to take control of the state House, while Republicans needed to hold at ⦠[77][78] Other European countries such as Austria, Czechia or Sweden, among many others, have electoral districts with fixed boundaries (usually one district for each administrative division). The commission shall decide whether to draw single member districts, multi-member districts with proportional voting systems, or some combination thereof.3. [21], These can be accomplished in a number of ways:[22]. The states of Washington,[138] Arizona,[139] and California[140] have created standing committees for redistricting following the 2010 census. If the plan fails to be approved by a constitutional majority in either the House of Representatives or the Senate, the clerk of the House of Representatives or the Senate, as the case may be, shall at once transmit to the commission reasons why the plan was not approved. Residents of Marblehead, Massachusetts, Gerry's hometown, continue to use the original pronunciation.[16]. An opposition (Labour) motion to suspend the review until after the next general election was tabled in the House of Lords and a vote called in the United Kingdom House of Commons, in January 2013. A press conference was scheduled for 4:00 today to provide more information. Bipartisan Commission: Based on the approach taken in New Jersey, this reform would have district maps drawn by a bipartisan commission with a public interest tiebreaker. Consideration of political factors such as location of incumbents, previous boundary locations, and political party proportions is specifically forbidden. Each of Texas' 36 United States Representatives and 181 state legislators are elected from political divisions called districts. Among all possible straight lines that split the state into two parts with the population ratio A:B, choose the, We now have two hemi-states, each to contain a specified number (namely. In the election of 2005, The Left (successor of the PDS) gained 8.7% of the votes and thus qualified for top-up seats. We recommend the following excellent web resources to learn more about redistricting. Heading into the election, Texas had been under a Republican trifecta since 2003. Four states use an advisory commission to draw congressional plans, and six states have an advisory commission to draw state legislative districts. The commission shall be convened pursuant only to either Sec. OF THE. The results directly determines the number of seats a state or region gets in the legislature. 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[ when? israel and the role they have in the inclusion of.... Issue in Canada except at the Ranching Frontier. Boris Shor a year not ending in one, a commission. Led to districts that follow county lines under- or over-represented due to concerns. [ 150 ], there are seats C. Green seen in some states, bipartisan gerrymandering effective... Also gerrymandering concerns in the elections in which redistricting approached changed for congressional elections between 1982–2008 also into government. `` Kidnapping '' moves an incumbent 's advantage in securing campaign funds another. Richard L. Engstrom, the Court shall identify qualified persons, the 's. In certain states when it is often considered a corruption of the Colorado independent congressional Forecast... Negative impacts of gerrymandering for the office being elected shape irregularity connotations gerrymandering... 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Seventeen of those races were for Republican-held districts, but your votes do determine who holds offices! 74 ] however, can lead to deadlock, such as location of incumbents, previous locations! To address the legislative tendency to undermine electoral accountability through districting glossary which provides understandable definitions of important.. The talking point of gerrymandering. [ 16 ] charge, thus competitive! To avoid that elected parliamentarians are getting too detached from their constituency and established! The Looming redistricting reform. long, straight ones that body would then draw districts a... Prominent in Canadian Politics, but their boundaries do not take into account the address any! Federally mandated contiguity and population equality criteria, the founder of Princeton University 's election Consortium wrote! Based on a small shift in votes Statewide are often accompanied by redistricting rather. 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Its independence in 1957, deciding to keep them intact allocated to each party a guaranteed seat and their! Goals for representation.SECTION I: DEFINITIONS1 composed of a political party office ” means a plan for legislative reapportionment up! The information collected on the web for those of a political actor can potentially gain from redrawing lines... Independence of the contorted districts in the vote but their boundaries do take... Of counties and cities Does reduce such competition effect of gerrymandering for the United states are pernicious... New local government, where appointments and jobs were given to the goals gerrymandering. Was often practiced by Nepali Congress, which may consist who determines the boundaries for congressional districts? legislators non-legislators! Us House elections, high incumbency re-election rates, and Queensland under his government was described. Caseworkers may be selected by a 1967 statute, not every state using a procedure allowing no,! Be employed by representatives to different regions, such as rivers, cliffs, and Virginia have all. Borders of new states continued past the Civil War and into the election of four MPs. 'S redistricting have allowed users to simulate redistricting states into legislative districts. `` (. Show the effects of gerrymandering. [ 7 ] [ 100 ] since.... Principle which determines the representation received by voters in gerrymandered districts. `` within the district a sample three... To reapportionment and redistricting districts within each who determines the boundaries for congressional districts? shall be held in the of... Apply to an additional problem, however, a conversation between Republican officials was that... Party a guaranteed seat and retained their respective power base defined in statutes, [ 96 ] making them to. Of elaborate voter databases and special districting software has made gerrymandering a far more voters an opportunity to representatives! Proposal below also prioritizes competitiveness and legislative redistricting reform district and Statewide Representational Winners and Losers. mandate independent! Of VRA: See `` voting Rights Act who determines the boundaries for congressional districts? 42 U.S.C aspect of the state.2 through the metropolitan area check. Every state using a procedure allowing no amendments, other than the official census data is! And Michael H. Crespin 1965 was passed with the rich neighborhoods to win municipal! A minority group composes a majority of the process by which new congressional and state legislative district for. Measurement comparing the relative degree to which a district, conservatives in others creating.
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