A.4.1.4 Usually, for both skin and respiratory sensitization, lower levels are necessary for elicitation than are required for induction. The amount of chemical exposure is critical in determining hazardous effects. Table A.1.1—Acute Toxicity Hazard Categories and Acute Toxicity Estimate (ATE) Values Defining the Respective Categories. Table A.3.3—Concentration of Ingredients of a Mixture Classified as Skin Category 1 and/or Eye Category 1 or 2 That Would Trigger Classification of the Mixtures as Hazardous to the Eye. In vitro alternatives that have been scientifically validated shall be used to make classification decisions. As defined by the 2012 version of OSHA Standard 29 CR 1910.1200 (the OSHA Haz-com standard, HCS 2012), a hazardous chemical is one which is a physical hazard or a health hazard. Consideration shall be given to classifying these substances as skin sensitizers. However, if consideration of acid/alkaline reserve suggests the substance or mixture may not have the potential to cause serious eye damage despite the low or high pH value, then further evaluation may be necessary. A.7.1.1 Reproductive toxicity includes adverse effects on sexual function and fertility in adult males and females, as well as adverse effects on development of the offspring. A.0.2.6 For classification purposes, epidemiological data and experience on the effects of chemicals on humans (e.g., occupational data, data from accident databases) shall be taken into account in the evaluation of human health hazards of a chemical. Generally, such substances are expected to produce significant effects on the eyes. A hazard is a condition that could foreseeably cause or contribute to an accident or incident. Addition of this criterion increases the sensitivity of the classification system. stream Classification as a reproductive toxicant is intended to be used for substances which have an intrinsic, specific property to produce an adverse effect on reproduction and substances should not be so classified if such an effect is produced solely as a non-specific secondary consequence of other toxic effects. A.8.2.1.10.3 A substance that has not been tested for specific target organ toxicity shall, where appropriate, be classified on the basis of data from a scientifically validated structure activity relationship and expert judgment-based extrapolation from a structural analogue that has previously been classified together with substantial support from consideration of other important factors such as formation of common significant metabolites. 2 0 obj A.1.3.6.2.4 If the total concentration of the relevant ingredient(s) with unknown acute toxicity is ≤10% then the formula presented in A.1.3.6.1 must be used. A.9.3.4.1 Where there is no reliable evidence or test data for the specific mixture itself, and the bridging principles cannot be used to enable classification, then classification of the mixture is based on the classification of the ingredient substances. They can be classified as type of occupational hazard or environmental hazard.Physical hazards include ergonomic hazards, radiation, heat and cold stress, vibration hazards, and noise hazards. See note (b) to Table A.1.1 and paragraph A.1.3.3 for appropriate application of available data to the equation below, and paragraph A.1.3.6.2.4. Additional considerations should be used in evaluating the tumor findings and the other factors in a case-by-case manner. A.9.2.7.3 Evidence from appropriate studies in experimental animals can furnish much more detail, in the form of clinical observations, hematology, clinical chemistry, macroscopic and microscopic pathological examination and this can often reveal hazards that may not be life-threatening but could indicate functional impairment. 2. Human data will be the primary source of evidence for this hazard class. The two-category system is described in the Figure A.5.1. All significant health effects that can impair function, both reversible and irreversible, immediate and/or delayed and not specifically addressed in A.1 to A.7 and A.10 of this Appendix are included. A.8.1.1 Specific target organ toxicity—single exposure, (STOT-SE) means specific, non-lethal target organ toxicity arising from a single exposure to a chemical. For mixtures classified in accordance with A.1 through A.10 of this Appendix, if a tested mixture is diluted with a diluent that has an equivalent or lower toxicity classification than the least toxic original ingredient, and which is not expected to affect the toxicity of other ingredients, then: (a) The new diluted mixture shall be classified as equivalent to the original tested mixture; or. This book looks at worker safety in the changing workplace and the challenge of ensuring a supply of top-notch OSH professionals. Dose/concentration levels in humans shall not be considered in the classification and any available evidence from animal studies shall be consistent with the Category 2 classification. A hazard can be ranked relative to the other hazards or a possible level of the danger. The principal argument for proposing such guidance values is that all chemicals are potentially toxic and there has to be a reasonable dose/concentration above which a degree of toxic effect is acknowledged. Short Confined spaces Machinery-related hazards (lockout/tagout, boiler safety, forklifts, etc.) A.2.2.1.2 Three sub-categories of Category 1 are provided in Table A.2.1, all of which shall be regulated as Category 1. Health risks take a long time to show their effects, safety risks usually have immediate effects. Table A.5.1—Cut-Off Values/Concentration Limits of Ingredients of a Mixture Classified as Germ Cell Mutagens That Would Trigger Classification of the Mixture. Primary topics include Safety Data Sheets (SDS's), Labeling/Signage, and Training. The flow chart of Figure A.1.1 indicates the process that must be followed: A.1.3.2 Classification of mixtures for acute toxicity may be carried out for each route of exposure, but is only required for one route of exposure as long as this route is followed (estimated or tested) for all ingredients and there is no relevant evidence to suggest acute toxicity by multiple routes. A hazard is something (eg an object, a property of a substance, a phenomenon or an activity) that can cause adverse effects. • Some hazards are obvious to everyone but some require prior knowledge to fully understand. Hazards at work may include noisy machinery, a moving forklift, chemicals, electricity, working at heights, a repetitive job, or inappropriate behaviour that adversely . A.6.4.1 Chemical manufacturers, importers and employers evaluating chemicals may treat the following sources as establishing that a substance is a carcinogen or potential carcinogen for hazard communication purposes in lieu of applying the criteria described herein: A.6.4.1.1 National Toxicology Program (NTP), “Report on Carcinogens” (latest edition); A.6.4.1.2 International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) “Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans” (latest editions). Specific target organ toxicity following repeated exposure is classified in accordance with SPECIFIC TARGET ORGAN TOXICITY—REPEATED EXPOSURE (A.9 of this Appendix) and is therefore not included here. These observations include animals with grade 4 cornea lesions and other severe reactions (e.g. Found insideLike its successful predecessor, this Second Edition contains a broad range of topics and examples, detailed references to information and standards, real-world application exercises, and a significant bibliography of books for each chapter ... Note: A mixture may be classified as Eye Category 2B in cases when all relevant ingredients are classified as Eye Category 2B. However, if consideration of alkali/acid reserve suggests the substance or mixture may not be corrosive despite the low or high pH value, then further evaluation may be necessary. A.7.2.5.9 However, specification of the actual “limit dose” will depend upon the test method that has been employed to provide the test results. This manual covers key aspects of the regulatory control of dangerous chemicals in the workplace, reviewing areas of current concern such as the auditing of occupational health, the provision of health services in industry, the evaluation ... For mixtures containing strong acids or bases, the pH should be used as classification criteria (See A.3.4.1) since pH will be a better indicator of serious eye damage than the concentration limits of Table A.3.3. Substances showing a high frequency of occurrence in humans; or a probability of occurrence of a high sensitization rate in humans based on animal or other tests. The following provides the conversion between dynamic and kinematic viscosity: A.10.1.5.2 Although the definition of aspiration in A.10.1.1 includes the entry of solids into the respiratory system, classification according to (b) in table A.10.1 for Category 1 is intended to apply to liquid substances and mixtures only. A.3.3.2 A tiered approach to the evaluation of initial information shall be used where applicable, recognizing that all elements may not be relevant in certain cases (Figure A.3.1). When the pump mechanism may be removed and contents are available to be swallowed then the classification of the products should be considered. Moreover, classification shall be considered where there is a significant toxic effect in the offspring, e.g., irreversible effects such as structural malformations, embryo/fetal lethality, or significant post-natal functional deficiencies. A.6.2.4 Strength of evidence involves the enumeration of tumors in human and animal studies and determination of their level of statistical significance. (b) if there are positive results from an appropriate animal test. Histopathology should be considered to evaluate questionable lesions. The term and its associated symbol are generally used as a warning, so that those potentially . Less rigorous data from studies in humans may be sufficient for a Category 1A classification if supplemented with adequate data from studies in experimental animals, but classification in Category 1B may also be considered. Although information might be gained from the evaluation of single parameters within a tier, consideration should be given to the totality of existing information and making an overall weight-of-evidence determination. The scheme is, therefore, not meant for the (quantitative) risk assessment of chemical substances. A.7.2.2.3 For human evidence to provide the primary basis for a Category 1A classification there must be reliable evidence of an adverse effect on reproduction in humans. _��.�9�u�����'2�G���_��0�� �U���e]e�"x5|Y Table A.4.2—Hazard Category and Sub-Categories for Skin Sensitizers. Classification of a substance or mixture as posing a carcinogenic hazard is based on its inherent properties and does not provide information on the level of the human cancer risk which the use of the substance or mixture may represent. Substances showing a low to moderate frequency of occurrence in humans; or a probability of occurrence of a low to moderate sensitization rate in humans based on animal or other tests. Found inside – Page 345OSHA requested comment on the appropriateness of its definitions of hazardous waste, health hazard and covered by the PEL's. Second, because of the broadly-worded language in section 126(b)(3), which requires hazardous substance and ... However, even well-designed and conducted epidemiological studies may lack a sufficient number of subjects to detect relatively rare but still significant effects, or to assess potentially confounding factors. destruction of cornea) observed at any time during the test, as well as persistent corneal opacity, discoloration of the cornea by a dye substance, adhesion, pannus, and interference with the function of the iris or other effects that impair sight. Used by the OSH Administration's compliance officers as a reference for technical information on safety and health issues, this manual enables both business and industry to evaluate their own facilities for compliance with the Occupational ... In many types of workplaces they can include spills on floors, walkways blocked by cords or boxes, falls from heights, machinery with moving parts, confined spaces and electrical hazards such as frayed cords. Definition. A mixture containing corrosive or irritant ingredients that cannot be classified based on the additivity approach applied in Table A.3.3 due to chemical characteristics that make this approach unworkable, should be classified as Eye Category 1 if it contains ≥1% of a corrosive ingredient and as Eye Category 2 when it contains ≥3% of an irritant ingredient. Nevada OSHA Covid-19 Updated Guidance 7-30-21. Also, repeated-dose studies conducted in experimental animals are designed to produce toxicity at the highest dose used in order to optimize the test objective and so most studies will reveal some toxic effect at least at this highest dose. A job safety analysis (JSA) is a procedure which helps integrate accepted safety and health principles and practices into a particular task or job operation. Positive evidence obtained from experiments in mammals and/or in some cases from in vitro experiments, obtained from: (b) Other in vivo somatic cell genotoxicity tests which are supported by positive results from. Chemical A.3.3.4 All the above information that is available on a substance shall be evaluated. A.9.2.6 In exceptional cases, based on expert judgment, it may be appropriate to place certain substances with human evidence of specific target organ toxicity in Category 2: (a) when the weight of human evidence is not sufficiently convincing to warrant Category 1 classification, and/or (b) based on the nature and severity of effects. Found insideDeveloped to provide safety and health students with an understanding of the how-tos of implementing an occupational safety and health initiative, the first edition of Occupational Health and Safety Management soon became a blueprint for ... Test data already generated for the classification of chemicals under existing systems should be accepted when reclassifying these chemicals under the harmonized system. As with substances, mixtures may be classified for specific target organ toxicity following single exposure, repeated exposure, or both. Guidance dose/concentration values are provided below (See A.9.2.9) in order to help in classification. A.3.3.3 The tiered approach explains how to organize existing information on a substance and to make a weight-of-evidence decision, where appropriate, about hazard assessment and hazard classification. A.2.3.4 All the above information that is available on a substance shall be evaluated. 4 0 obj In a JSA, each basic step of the job is to identify potential hazards and to recommend the safest way to do the job.
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