Here's what $230 million in US aid bought Egypt's military since the revolution. On 14 August 2013, Egyptian security forces raided two camps of protesters in Cairo: one at al-Nahda Square and a larger one at Rabaa al-Adawiya Mosque. How did this happen? In Circling the Square, Wendell Steavenson uses literary reportage to describe the intimate ironies and ad hoc movements of the Egyptian revolution—from Mubarak's fall to Mohammed Morsi's. [96], In Cairo, the president's opponents started building up in anticipation for 30 June's uprising as thousands of anti-Morsi demonstrators took to Tahrir Square with the number of tents increasing to 150. Hundreds of . The elected parliament determined that the constitutional court did not have authority to dissolve an elected parliament, then referred the matter to the Court of Cassation. Tweet. The 2013 Egyptian coup d'état took place on 3 July 2013. [46][47] This turnout proved highly beneficial for the Brotherhood in the following months as they achieved nearly all of their political ambitions including a majority win for the Islamist current in the 2011–12 parliamentary election, during which the Brotherhood was accused by many opposition figures of making deals with the military while protesters were being killed by security forces. Compares the methods used by the secular leaders of Tunisia and Egypt to deal with revolution with the methods that the monarchs of Morocco and Jordan used to accommodate their peopleOCOs priority of reform. Found insideDissent and Revolution in a Digital Age tracks the rocky path taken by Egyptian bloggers operating in Mubarak's authoritarian regime to illustrate how the state monopoly on information was eroded, making space for dissent and for those ... [69] American officials later confirmed that the United Arab Emirates was indeed providing financial support for the protests against Morsi that preceded the military coup. Real democracy requires inclusiveness, compromise, respect for human and minority rights, and a commitment to the rule of law. Shops were closed and the city's trading activity was relatively calm. They chanted in unity for a better future. Fire was reportedly still raging from one floor as protesters tore down the Muslim Brotherhood signs from the building's front facade and another waved the Egyptian flag from an upper-story window. The protesters said the buildings would be locked down until the regime was ousted. [134] The governorate of Assiut, an Islamist stronghold which was the site of this day's deadliest clashes, a drive-by took place in the capital Assiut where it was estimated that more than 50,000 were protesting in the city by night. [154] On the other hand, the Muslim Brotherhood said that 42 of its supporters were killed and over 300 were injured after shootings that followed the police storming their peaceful sit-in demanding the reinstatement of Morsi. [178] Since 30 June, mobs carried out attacks on Christians in six out of Egypt's twenty-seven provinces. What was the Egyptian revolution if not "street action"? F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- Y -- Z -- About the Author [163] Mass rallies of thousands in Ittihadiya Palace's surroundings were peaceful and were jubilant as well, with men and women dancing to patriotic music. In the speech he said:[175][176]. [149][150][153] Also, eight independent parliamentarians from the Islamist-dominated Shura Council officially resigned from the body in protest and solidarity with the opposition's demands.[154]. Pro-Morsi and Muslim Brotherhood supporters started counterdemonstrations at the Rabia Al-Adawiya Mosque in Nasr City. The depiction has also been disputed by human rights organizations for the glorification of the Egyptian army and security forces. [68] The movement's effectiveness in sparking the uprising directly inspired many other copycat campaigns throughout the Arab world such as Gaza,[69] Morocco,[70] Tunisia[71] and Yemen,[72] as well as a new wave of protests in Bahrain. On August 14 security forces took action to break up Muslim Brotherhood sit-ins outside the Rabaa al-Adawiya Mosque in Cairo, killing more than 1,000 over a period of several days while descending on protesters’ encampments. Egyptian Revolution Precursors 1952-2013. The military arrested Morsi and Muslim Brotherhood leaders,[9] and declared Chief Justice of the Supreme Constitutional Court Adly Mansour as the interim president of Egypt. Egypt's first post-revolution parliament, elected between November 2011 and January 2012, failed to make significant human rights reforms before it was dissolved by the Supreme Constitutional . We present today, on the 10th anniversary of the Egyptian 2011-2013 revolution(s), some categorised videos and a 60 minutes documentary film by the Pharaohs which present the pharaoh's revolution on the 25th of January 2011 against the corruption and dictatorship of the Mubarak era, and the 30th of June 2013… Egypt has witnessed the overthrow of two presidents since the start of the Arab Spring. [128] The Egyptian Army later gave Catherine Ashton the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy for the European Union permission to meet Morsi. Muslim Brotherhood members claim 2,600 people were killed. [Updated at 2:28 a.m. He called the move a "coup" and rejected the Armed Forces' statement. He offered no resistance. Timeline: 2013 Revolution remodeling Egypt's future. [99] Morsi accused supporters of Hosni Mubarak of exploiting the wave of protests to topple the government and fight democracy. "[148] During the night pro and anti-Morsi demonstrators clashed over the 6th October Bridge; at least two people were killed and more than 70 people were injured, according to state television, who quoted medical personnel at a makeshift hospital in the square. [43], Amid growing anger towards the regime, President Hosni Mubarak, whose reign was marked by increasing corruption and authoritarianism, resigned on 11 February 2011 following 18 days of mass protests that marked the beginning of a new era of political instability in Egypt. [118] The sit-in was prominently joined by the hardline Salafist group Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya which called on the army and police to protect the president and, although initially wishing for non-violence to be exercised, threatened that if the police and army "fail to do their job in protecting the president's legitimacy … we will do so ourselves," said Mohamed Hassan, the group's spokesman while refusing to clarify whether he implicated the group would use violence or not and also added that Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya would not allow the overthrow of the democratically elected president by any means. ", "Egypt Coup: Three Killed in Cairo Gun Battle", "Egypt unrest: Morsi marchers die as army fires", "Egypt uprising: Tens of thousands of Morsi supporters take to streets", "Fierce fighting in Cairo as protests continue", Morsi supporters mass in Cairo's Nasr City – Middle East, "Egyptian army demands closure of Rafah Crossing", "At least 42 killed in Egypt, Islamists call for uprising", Massacre in Cairo deepens Egypt crisis – Middle East, Muslim Brotherhood calls for Egypt uprising – Middle East, Reactions to Cairo shootings – Middle East, Seized Egyptian soldiers escape – Middle East, "Egypt puts travel restrictions on Syrians", Egypt orders arrest of Brotherhood leader – Middle East, Exclusive: US bankrolled anti-Morsi activists – Features, Egypt's Brotherhood vows to keep defying coup – Middle East, Egypt freezes Muslim Brotherhood funds – Middle East, Egypt's Brotherhood promises more protests – Middle East, Egypt's deadly political stalemate drags on – Middle East, Attacks in Egypt lift death toll amid turmoil – Middle East, Family accuses Egypt army of kidnapping Morsi – Middle East, "Egypt's bloodbath: The battle for Egypt", "Poll: 67% of Egyptians satisfied about method of ending pro-Morsy sit-ins", "Egyptian opinion on sit-in dispersals: Finding truth in reported facts", "67% of Egyptians are satisfied with dispersal of Brotherhood sit-ins: Baseera", "Rights groups urge probe of mass killing in Egypt", Egypt's Christians face backlash for Morsi ouster, Masked gunmen open fire at Port Said church, Second Christian in a week murdered in Sinai, "Egyptian Nazi Will No Longer Participate at Georgetown Conference", "Ex-minister suspected behind Alex church bombing", "Islamist gunmen stage multiple attacks in Sinai", "In Egypt's Sinai, insurgency taking root", "Egypt: Muslim Brotherhood Leader Sentenced to Life over 2013 ViolenceWednesday, 5 December", "Egypt constitutional referendum turnout reaches 38.6", "How Egyptian TV series 'The Choice' is stirring controversy about the Rab'a massacre", "How Egyptian entertainment has changed under military rule", "Egypt's Morsi calls his removal treason", "African Union likely to suspend Egypt after army deposes president", "World reaction to the ousting of Egypt's Mohammed Morsi", EU calls for Morsi release amid protests – Middle East, "World leaders put Egypt on notice over democracy", "Argentina and the International community reacts to Egypt's coup", "Rudd wants return to democracy in Egypt", "Coup in Cairo thrills millions of Egyptians, but poses a stark democratic dilemma", "Comunicado del Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores sobre la situación en la República Árabe de Egipto", "France backs Tunisia as 'model', contrasts with Egypt", "وزارت امورخارجه ایران درایت مردم مصر در تحولات کشورشان را خواستار شد", "Egypt crisis: Cautious reactions from Middle Eastern governments", "Saudi king congratulates Egypt's new interim president", "Zidan: Libya Supports the Choices of the Egyptian People", "Isu Mesir: KJ jauh lebih matang berbanding Najib", "Egypt: Nik Aziz, Anwar condemn military coup", Egypt: International Reactions Over Egypt's Revolution, Nawaz calls for release of Morsi in major policy decision, "PH embassy personnel to stay in Cairo amid Egyptian army coup", "Qatar hails new Egypt leader in apparent policy shift", Qatar: Egypt must free political prisoners – Middle East, "Egypt shows power only comes from force, Somali militants say", "Sudan affirms the internal nature of events in Egypt", "Sudan's Turabi denounces Mursi's ousting", Twitter / carlbildt: I’m horrified by the large, At least 80 killed in Egypt's fresh unrest: Health Ministry – Politics – Egypt – Ahram Online, "Syria's Assad says political Islam being defeated in Egypt", "Islamist rule in Egypt fails: Syria's Assad", Turkey PM blasts Egypt 'coup' as enemy of democracy, "Turkey Calls Military Overthrow of Egypt's Mohammed Morsi 'Unacceptable, "Main opposition leader deems coup in Egypt 'unacceptable, "Turkey's Ruling Party, Opposition Unite to Condemn Egypt Coup", "Barack Obama urges swift return to civilian rule in Egypt", "Obama Orders Review of US Aid To Egypt After Morsi Ousted", "Police fire tear gas at protesters in Cairo", "U.S. [179], Ramy Jan, a Christian journalist and activist, claims that Islamic violence against Copts is rather fabricated and that Muslims would not commit any type of sectarian violence. In the Nile Delta's Menoufia, hundreds staged anti-Morsi protests in the city of Ashmoun. [199] Another protest took place in Sydney, where hundreds from the Egyptian community gathered to protest against Morsi, demanding him to leave. [85][87][112] At around 7:30 PM, the palace's surroundings were reportedly packed with protesters filling a broad boulevard for blocks and spilling into nearby avenues and Al-Ahram reported that the site was extremely crowded with even moving small distances taking a long time and according to the Health Ministry, one protester suffocated to death as a result of a crowd crush. Award-winning journalist Thanassis Cambanis tells the “wonderfully readable and insightful” (Booklist, starred review) inside story of the 2011 Egyptian revolution. . [119] Mohamed el-Baradei says the coup was to rectify the issues of the revolution. Aswan saw heavy security presence and the police chief announced that he will personally head the operation room to receive complaints and information during the demonstrations and said that security personnel will protect their stations as well as state property, and added that the people will be protected, not the regime or any political party. [106] In addition, the April 6 Youth Movement and Constitution Party announced a sit-in in front of Abdeen Palace as soon as they received information that Prime Minister Hesham Qandil was there. [81][82] In Damietta, 250 fishing boat sailors demonstrated against Morsi by sailing through the Nile and chanting against him. July 1, 2013 - An Egyptian protester covers his head by a national flag during a demonstration against Egypt's Islamist President Mohammed Morsi in . ", was intercepted by residents of the Agami district who tried to obstruct the march in objection to the demonstration's slogans. The protesters, whose numbers were increasing, blocked roads leading to the front gates of the campus and erected a stage in a show of support for the embattled president's legitimacy following a statement issued by the armed forces on Monday. "I suggest that the page be renamed something like Egyptian Revolution of 2013," a Wikipedian offers. Associated Press Television News was ordered not to provide Al Jazeera with footage of protests in the country or with any filming equipment, while the Cairo News Company was warned against providing broadcasting equipment. [156][157][158] Supporters and opponents of Mohamed Morsi exchanged gunfire in Suez as the sound of shots rocked the city, while the governor of Ismailia, Hassan el-Rifaai, resigned from office. CAIRO - 28 June 2020: In 2012, Mohamed Morsi, the Muslim Brotherhood's . On the same day, it was reported that Barack Obama called Morsi. Editor's note: On 3 July 2013, Egyptian President Mohamed Morsi was ousted in a coup led by then-General Abdel Fattah el-Sisi. [70] There is also evidence on the support of the military coup plotters by the Egyptian economic elites. The military responded by issuing a statement where it argued that its only role is to guard Egypt's borders. Some in other parts of the governorate have cut off the Cairo-Alexandria agricultural road while others have closed off seven city council buildings, among them Menouf's, with chains and signs reading "Closed by order of the people". [28][29], Reasons for demanding Morsi's resignation included accusations of increasing authoritarianism and his pushing through an Islamist agenda disregarding the predominantly secular opposition or the rule of law. In a statement it disavowed itself from an assassination attempt against a senior army commander in the Sinai Peninsula on 10 July and said it adheres to peaceful measures. [90] Incidentally, the Court of Cassation ordered the reinstatement of former general prosecutor Abdel Maguid Mahmoud who was replaced with Talaat Abdallah following the constitutional declaration on 22 November 2012. [81][82] In one of the leaked tapes the generals are heard discussing the withdrawal of a large sum of money for the army's use from the bank account of Tamarod, the independent grassroots group that was organizing protests against President Morsi. [167], In mid-August, the violence against Islamists by the army escalated further, with at least hundreds killed, and the government declaring a month-long nighttime curfew.[168][169]. In Tanta, members of youth protest groups shut the gate to the Gharbiya governorate offices with metal chains, preventing employees from entering the building. There were escalating verbal confrontations between opponents and supporters of Morsi in Aswan's main Shohadah Square as lawyers had gathered for a march heading to the square from the city court. [65] At the press conference where the front was announced and in the presence of many prominent revolutionary and political figures, Mohamed Abdel Aziz, co-founder of the campaign, said: We announce the 30 June Front as an initiative from Tamarod to represent Egyptians who refuse Muslim Brotherhood rule and to share with the great Egyptian people their political vision in order to avoid the mistakes of the past period and to continue on the path of January 25 Revolution"[66], However, the presidency and its supporters had a different reaction to Tamarod which was far from appeasing the population. [30][31][32] The uprising concluded seven months of protests that started when the Morsi government issued a highly controversial constitutional declaration that gave him temporary sweeping powers over the state's judicial system until the new constitution was passed. We will not remain silent while the country slips into a conflict that will be hard to control, After Morsi was ousted on 3 July, most of the country's energy crises[clarification needed], that were very common during Morsi's presidency, were surprisingly diminished following the Revolution. Huge protests across Egypt calling for the resignation of President Mohammed Morsi have taken place through the night, with some outbreaks of violence. (AP Photo/Amr Nabil) . Army tanks were reported to surround two smaller pro-Morsi rallies as the demonstrators vowed to defend the government with their lives. These procedures took place on 30 June, the day of protests. [27][better source needed] An alliance led by the Freedom and Justice Party won the most seats in each election. A revolutionary front in Egypt. Letters were delivered to Christian families in Minya where they were threatened not to join the protests, otherwise their "businesses, cars, homes, schools, and churches" might "catch fire". "[162] The public prosecutor[who?] The body of Mohamed Abdel Hamid, a director at the National Bank, was carried to the cemetery by hundreds of activists who proceeded in front of the governorate building where the confrontation took place the night before, waving national flags and calling for retribution. Egypt is located at the intersection of ancient continents : Africa - Asia - Europe overlooking two seas , that is, the Red Sea and the Mediterranean. Egypt, including its capital Cairo, teetered on the edge early Thursday -- with clashes persisting following the bloodiest day since the revolution 2 years ago. Found insideFollowing the stories of four young Egyptians — Amr, the atheist software engineer; Amal, the village girl who defied her family and her entire community; Ayman, the one-time religious extremist; and Ruqayah, the would-be teenage martyr ... According to the National Coalition for Supporting Legitimacy (NCSL), the number of deaths from the Rabaa al-Adawiya Mosque sit-in alone were some 2,600. [173] In the Imbaba district, gunfire was exchanged during clashes in Kit Kat Square using pellets and Molotov cocktails. Eighteen days of mass protests forced Hosni Mubarak to resign in February 2011, after three decades in power . [87][138][139] There were other violent clashes in the Faiyum Governorate in which hundreds of Morsi opponents clashed with his Islamist supporters outside the Muslim Brotherhood's local FJP office. Al-Ahram reported that the numbers were bigger than Monday with an increase of tents in al-Merghany Street by the palace. [93] Defense Minister General Abdel Fattah el-Sisi was also said to have told Morsi that he would impose a military solution if a political one could not be found by the next day. This sophisticated book presents new theoretical and analytical insights into the momentous events in the Arab world that began in 2011 and, more importantly, into life and politics in the aftermath of these events. 1 November 2013. A wide range of citizens, men and women, veiled and unveiled, young and old, middle-class and working-class, stood behind the goals of ending the 30-year rule of Husni Mubarak and stopping the planned . The constitutional history of modern Egypt can be traced back to the Egyptian revolution of 1919. [79][80] Hundreds of thousands in support of Morsi gathered in Rabaa Square in Cairo and other cities. The Muslim Brotherhood is the only group who have called on its supporters to take to the . The 30 June Front announced that open-ended sit-ins have been staged in Tahrir and across the country until President Mohamed Morsi steps down and until the people's legitimate demands have been answered. According to the UK diplomatic sources quoted in the reports, the former interior ministry had masterminded the deadly church attack with the intent to blame it on Islamists, escalate government crackdown on them, and gain increased western support for the regime. Hundreds of protesters had gathered by 4:35 PM, according to Al-Ahram, but in the following few hours the square started filling with demonstrators who poured in from all over the coastal city in thousands, including hundreds of lawyers and court room officials heading from the Lawyers' Union headquarters toward the station, chanting "Leave! Found inside; Managing Egypt's Leadership Transition; The Muslim Brotherhood; The Role of the Military in Egyptian Society; Promoting Democracy in Egypt; (3) U.S. Foreign Assist. to Egypt; U.S.-Egyptian Trade. Map. This is a print on demand report. Warns Egypt's Generals Against Jeopardizing 'Second Chance' at Democracy", "McCain urges US to suspend Egypt military aid", John McCain Steps Up Big on Egypt "Coup" Dialogue, Chairman Royce and Ranking Member Engel Release Joint Statement on Ongoing Events in Egypt |House Committee on Foreign Affairs – Ed Royce, Chairman, "Egypt army 'restoring democracy', says John Kerry", "Egypt army was 'restoring democracy', claims Kerry", "Al-Zawahiri calls for "victims and sacrifices, "Syria hails ouster of Egypt's Morsi as 'great achievement, "Apparent Egyptian Military Coup Puts Obama in Bind on Aid | TIME.com", "Is what happened in Egypt a coup or a revolution? [87][135][136] Another deadly confrontation occurred in Beni Suef where opponents of Mohamed Morsi torched the ruling FJP's offices earlier in the morning, hours before mass protests were about to take place in the province. [45] A round of elections started to take place in the country starting with the 2011 referendum, in which a majority approved of reforms drafted by a military-formed committee. It was a necessary decision that the Armed Forces' leadership took to protect democracy, maintain the country's unity and integrity, restore stability and get back on track towards achieving the goals of the 25 January Revolution. There were also volunteer-manned checkpoints that have been tightened up since the day before, searching car trunks and women's purses. The Egyptian Revolution that began on 25 January 2011 immediately gave rise to a wave of popular political and social expression in the form of graffiti and street art, phenomena that were almost unknown in the country under the old regime. [35][36], In a poll published by PEW research center in May 2013, 54% of Egyptians approved of Morsi against a 43% who saw him negatively, while about 30% were happy with the direction of the country, 73% thought positively of the army and only 35% were content about local policy authorities. Conference on 15 June, Morsi is elected president, but the advisory Council continued to advice... In al-Merghany street by the general last less than two months new military rulers political... Like Egyptian revolution of 30 June, according to human rights organizations for the Brotherhood... The scene vehicles taking up positions themes emerged checkpoints that have been a thrown. 178 ] [ 143 ] the atmosphere was generally celebratory as the of. 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